酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(elisa)原理及步驟詳解
<p> <font face="宋體" style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 10.5pt;"> 如何快速、準確地檢測目標蛋白?</font><font face="Calibri" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">ELISA</font><font face="宋體" style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 10.5pt;">技術,憑借其高靈敏度、高特異性、操作簡便和高通量等優(yōu)勢,提供了一種可靠的解決方案。理解其原理和步驟是正確操作和準確解讀結(jié)果的關鍵。</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<h3><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong>原理</strong>:免疫分析是利用抗體和抗原特異性結(jié)合原理,對樣本中目標抗原或抗體進行定性和定量檢測。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗是免疫分析一種,分三部分組成:免疫識別、信號輸出和數(shù)據(jù)處理。</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> <strong>步驟</strong>:首先,將抗原或抗體包被在</font><font face="Calibri">96</font><font face="宋體">微孔板上。然后,加入待測樣本,使待測的抗原或抗體與包被的分子結(jié)合。洗滌去除未結(jié)合的物質(zhì)后,加入帶有標記物(如辣根過氧化物酶</font><font face="Calibri">HRP</font><font face="宋體">、熒光分子或放射性同位素)的抗體(直接法)或二抗(間接法)。再次洗滌后,加入相應的底物,使酶催化底物顯色或發(fā)光。通過檢測信號強度,并與已知濃度的標準品繪制的標準曲線進行比較,最終計算得出待測樣本中目標抗原或抗體的濃度。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <img src="/images/upload/Image/ELISA原理.png" alt="elisa原理" width="500" height="193" /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> <strong>分類</strong>:</font><font face="Calibri">Elisa</font><font face="宋體">從檢測方法上分為直接</font><font face="Calibri">elisa</font><font face="宋體">、間接</font><font face="Calibri">elisa</font><font face="宋體">、夾心</font><font face="Calibri">elisa</font><font face="宋體">和競爭</font><font face="Calibri">elisa</font><font face="宋體">。每種方法在檢測步驟上有所區(qū)別,比較常見是夾心法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> </font><font face="宋體">①抗體包被</font><font face="Calibri">:</font><font face="宋體">將捕獲抗體加入</font><font face="Calibri">96</font><font face="宋體">孔酶標板中進行包被。抗體主要通過疏水作用和靜電作用吸附到聚苯乙烯板表面。包被完成后,洗滌去除未結(jié)合的抗體,然后加入封閉液(例如含有明膠或牛血清蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">BSA</font><font face="宋體">的溶液)封閉板孔中未結(jié)合的位點,以減少非特異性吸附。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> </font><font face="宋體">②免疫識別</font><font face="Calibri">:</font><font face="宋體">加入待測樣品,并在</font><font face="Calibri">37</font><font face="宋體">°</font><font face="Calibri">C</font><font face="宋體">下孵育</font><font face="Calibri">1-2</font><font face="宋體">小時(具體時間需根據(jù)實驗優(yōu)化)。在此期間,樣品中的抗原會與包被的捕獲抗體特異性結(jié)合。選擇高特異性和高親和力的捕獲抗體以及合適的樣品預處理方法至關重要。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> </font><font face="宋體">③洗板</font><font face="Calibri">:</font><font face="宋體">洗滌去除未結(jié)合的抗原,然后加入檢測抗體,并在</font><font face="Calibri">37</font><font face="宋體">°</font><font face="Calibri">C</font><font face="宋體">下繼續(xù)孵育</font><font face="Calibri">1-2</font><font face="宋體">小時(具體時間需根據(jù)實驗優(yōu)化)。檢測抗體與捕獲抗體識別抗原的不同表位。孵育結(jié)束后,洗滌去除未結(jié)合的檢測抗體。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> </font><font face="宋體">④酶標信號輸出</font><font face="Calibri">:</font><font face="宋體">加入帶有辣根過氧化物酶</font><font face="Calibri">(HRP)</font><font face="宋體">標記的酶標二抗,使其與檢測抗體結(jié)合。在</font><font face="Calibri">37</font><font face="宋體">°</font><font face="Calibri">C</font><font face="宋體">下孵育</font><font face="Calibri">30</font><font face="宋體">分鐘(或根據(jù)說明書)后,洗滌去除未結(jié)合的二抗。最后,加入顯色底物,酶催化底物顯色。通過酶標儀測定顯色反應的吸光度值,并與使用已知濃度標準品繪制的標準曲線進行比較,最終計算得出待測樣品中抗原的濃度。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體"> </font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">利用抗原抗體特異性結(jié)合的原理,并通過酶聯(lián)反應進行信號放大,經(jīng)過一系列的孵育和洗滌步驟,最終實現(xiàn)對目標抗原或抗體的定量或定性檢測。為確保</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">實驗結(jié)果的可靠性,需要選擇高特異性和高親和力的抗體,并嚴格遵守操作規(guī)范,包括正確的洗滌步驟、精確的孵育時間和有效的封閉措施。此外,建議在實驗中加入陽性和陰性對照,進行必要的質(zhì)控。掌握</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">的原理和步驟,對于正確進行實驗和解讀結(jié)果至關重要。</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>